Chapter 15

15The Hard Realities of Biological Data

Draft pending — this page is an outline of planned content. Write it by creating content/data-realities.md.

15.1Sparsity, imbalance, and noise

Planned: Few labels, rare positives, and measurement error as the default condition.

15.2Batch effects and experimental bias

Planned: Why the confounder is often the assay, the lab, or the cohort ancestry.

15.3Heterogeneity of effects

Planned: When one average hides many mechanisms.